Highly conductive colloidal carbon based suspension for flow-assisted electrochemical systems

•Fluid and highly conductive carbon-based suspensions are reported•The potentially useful for flow-assisted electrochemical applications•Charge discharge of flowable electrodes is quantitatively demonstrated Carbon suspension promising energy storage systems. They serve as in electrolyte solutions flow batteries, or capacitors. can also be used other applications such capacitive deionization water. However, developments remain challenging. The should combine low viscosity high electronic conductivity optimized performances. In this work, we report a aqueous carbon dispersion which exhibits only 2 Pa.s at shear rate 5 s−1 concentration particles 7 wt%. This displays an 65 mS/cm, nearly two orders magnitude greater than previously investigated related materials. stabilized by sodium alginate arabic gum the presence ammonium sulfate. Their use systems electrical charges demonstrated. 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Rev. 6: 064004https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.6.064004Crossref (35) summarized Table 1. comparisons ones presented work not straightforward methodologies literature.Table 1Examples literature colloidal suspensionsReferenceConcentration(wt%)Conductivityσ (mS/cm)Viscosityη (Pa.s) @ s−1Presser Scholar10Not reported2Li Scholar0.251.5Porada Scholar15148Dennison Scholar160.01Not reportedHatzell Scholar200.310Parant Scholar8430Campos Scholar23Not reported11 Open table tab Nevertheless, data provide guidance ranges improved progress further actual dispersions. We present reminiscent indeed surfactant, polymeric stabilizer. choice due its ability, prevents sedimentation over time it increases solution. Beyond similarities, here process, includes grinding powder strong excess sulfate carbon. modifications allow kept level substantially increased up almost when compared 7.0 Pa.s, well below many mentioned properties under flow, their potential application store, release flow. deposited glass slides optical imaging microscope (Leica DM 2500P) room temperature. Figure S2 shows micrographs concentrations. It possible observe agglomeration large clusters average diameter μm. size grow particles. But difficult confirm any percolation behavior conditions confinement. Electrical preferentially purpose. behaviors samples 1, where stress plotted function 0.1 500 s−1. recall gap plates was chosen so independent value. situation, wall slip considered negligible (Yoshimura Prud’homme, 1988Yoshimura A.S. Prud’homme Wall effects dynamic oscillatory measurements.J. 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Therefore, shape appear different. globally reflect networks both sustain fluid enough easily test setup without showing phenomena occlusion clogging. reason, able act percolated electrode. More importantly, later, meaning disrupted shear. improvements ascribed amounts work. Ammonium contributes screening electrostatic repulsions result, better contacts form suspension. AC performed 3 study. Because experimental limitations, cannot rates 1000 s −1. covers experiments [see information]. Unlike often reveal breaking-and-reforming mechanism aggregates (Helal 2015Hatzell Materials (semi-solid) technologies.Chem. 44: 8664-8687https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CS00279FCrossref Narayanan 2017Narayanan Mugele Duits M.H.G. 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Conversely, reintroduction area home-made 5. two-compartments connected means silicone tubes 4 syringes. reservoirs RC directly wave-form generator (Trueform 33500B, Keysight). process V 200 load resistance 178 Ω. phase, pumped syringe pumps through electric supplied collected short-circuited switch. recorded (Tektronix DPO, 2022B). 6A formulated characterized times, t1 t2. reaches maximum = s. initial followed second discharge, duration, reach minimum t2 400 represents profile static conditions. 6A, 0.86 approaches zero mL/min (red curve), keeps constant one. begins. conditions, Similar trends mL/min. represent proof charges. Note fluxes, 0 9mL/min, show, vary. range, −1 information].Table 3Voltage t1and discharged t2TimeStatic1 mL/min3 mL/min5 mL/min7 mL/min9 mL/mint1 s0.86 V0.81 V0.78 V0.740.720.67t2 s0 V0.005 V0.014 V0.018 V0.035 V0.053 From charge-discharge measurements, calculate stored within analyze Equation 3.∫Vin−VoutRdt=∫VRRdt=∫idt=Q(Equation 3) Where Vin stands circuit, Vout t. 6B. amount 0.19 restored discharge. Charge 4. considerations, carry out deeper analysis electrodes.Table 4Stored Charges t1, t2Static1 s0.19 C0.23 C0.26 C0.28 C0.31 C0.37 Ct2 s0.13 C0.14 C0.15 C0.16 C0.17 C0.20 7A normalized against Normalization efficiency evaluated. similar efficiency, would expect proportional considering per spite net still transports fewer particle. acquired 7B. Last, estimate resistance. S5 Ω rather 0.02 mW overall objective focuses implementation based FAESs. surfactant improvement previous studies. improve dispersions, adopted. literature. most restore Overall, progresses made terms faster easier circulation lost Future focused improving capacitance, example porous black, make formulations future technologies.